Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Generally, urine usually flows from the kidneys, through the ureter to the bladder. Vesicoureteral reflux occurs when the urine goes backward into the kidneys. Vesicoureteral reflux can occur in two ways. Primary VUR is a defect in the valve at the top of the ureter. It is congenital. Secondary VUR on the other hand, occurs when there is a blockage in the urine tube obstructing it from its normal pathway. The obstacles are in the bladder or urethra, and it may occur due to stone, tumor, or a blockage from an injury. This causes the urine to stop and move backward. People with vesicoureteral reflux may experience symptoms like flu-like aches, inability to empty the bladder, fever, and UTIs.